Introduction
“It does not appear to be generally known what factors and circumstances led to the so-called ‘scientific’ pronunciation of Greek. [It] all started with a practical joke played on Erasmus by the Swiss scholar Loritus of Glarus. Later, however, Erasmus found out the trick played on him, so he desisted from using the pronunciation he had proposed, but his error finally succeeded in ousting the Greek pronunciation of Greek.” — Chrys C. Caragounis, Filología Neotestamentaria 8 (1995). 151-185.
Let me begin by asking you a question: Were you aware of such a joke? I wasn’t at all aware of it until 2024. This quote is the opening words of a journal article written by Chrys C. Caragounis (1940–2025) from 1995 called The Error of Erasmus and Un-Greek Pronunciations of Greek.
Before we go into why this affects the Tentmaker website and the Greek transliteration updates, let’s look at the story of Erasmus as recorded in A. N. Jannaris’ work of 1897 called An Historic Greek Grammar Chiefly of the Attic Dialect, which will help lay a strong foundation for us.
“The Erasmian pronunciation was not propounded but tentatively suggested by Erasmus in a dialogue between a bear and a lion, entitled De Recta Latini Graecique sermonis pronuntiatione, published first at Basle (also Paris) in 1528, and the origin of the doctrine receives a curious illustration in the account given by Gerard Jan Voss (or ‘Vossius’ 1577–1649), a leading Dutch professor and zealous promoter of Erasmianism. In his Aristarchus sive de Grammatica (Amsterdam, 1635), this earnest scholar explains how Erasmus came to write his now famous dialogue (quo modo Erasmus scripserit dialogum de recta pronuntiatione) by the following narrative:
“I believe that it is known to few in what circumstances Erasmus was induced to write on the correct pronunciation. Therefore I have deemed it best to subjoin the account which I possess written, some time ago, on a piece of paper by the hand of Henricus Coracopetraeus, a most learned man and well known to scholars.
It reads as follows:— ‘I have heard M. Rutgerus Reschius, who was professor of Greek in the Busleidan (Buslidiano) College at Louvain, and my preceptor of revered memory, relate, that he was in the Liliensian School for about two years at the same time as Erasmus, who occupied an upper room, while he had a lower one; that Henry Glareanus [Henricus Loritus, a Swiss scholar, born at Glarus (1488–1563), whence his surname Glareanus], having arrived at Louvain from Paris, was invited by Erasmus to dine at the College; and on being asked what news he brought with him, he said—which was a story he had made up on the journey, inasmuch as he knew Erasmus to be inordinately fond of novelties and wondrously credulous—that some native Greeks had arrived in Paris, men of marvellous learning, who made use of a pronunciation of the Greek tongue entirely different from that generally received in these parts; for instance, they called β, instead of Vita, Beta, and η, instead of Ita, Eta; αι, instead of œ, ai; οι, instead of i, oi; and so on; that on hearing this Erasmus wrote soon afterwards the Dialogue on the right pronunciation of the Latin and Greek tongues, in order to appear himself the inventor of the matter (ut videretur huius rei ipse inventor), and offered it to the printer, Peter of Alost, for printing; but, as the printer declined, either because he was engaged in other work, or at any rate because he said he was not able to produce it as soon as was desired, Erasmus sent the treatise to Froben at Basle, by whom it was immediately printed and published.
Erasmus, however, having found out the trick (practised upon him), never afterwards used that method of pronouncing, nor did he direct those of his friends, with whom he was more familiar, to follow it. In proof of this M. Rutgerus used to show a scheme (formulam) of pronunciation written by the hand of Erasmus himself—a copy of which is still in my [Voss’s] possession—for the use of Damian de Goes, a Spaniard, which in no way differed from that which learned and unlearned use everywhere for that language.’ (Signed) Henricus Coracopetraeus Cuccensis [Henrik Ravensberg van Kuik] Neomagi [Nijmegen] 1569, the eve of St. Simon and St. Jude [27th of October].”
This incident then explains on the one hand why Erasmus did not treat the subject in a direct and earnest manner, but put the discussion into the mouth of animals, and on the other accounts for the fact that he continued to abide by the traditional (or modern Greek) pronunciation of Greek to the end of his life. The whole subject bearing on the genesis and history of the Erasmian doctrine is ably and lucidly set forth by J Gennadios in the Nineteenth Century (vol. xxxviii f.), to whom I am indebted for the above extract.
It’s quite a surprising story, isn’t it? Were you as a Christian aware of such an event that led to your understanding of Classical and Biblical Greek pronunciation and transliterations? What I found most shocking is that once Erasmus discovered the prank, he ceased from it and told all of his friends to not use it, and went back to “Greek” as it should have been.
A Surprising Discovery Through Prayer
Depending on your background, the story of how I came to this discovery (for myself, not the total discovery) might sound odd and striking. Yet I am compelled to share it. During a cold February month when I was living in Vilnius, Lithuania, I had been editing a book I was working on in relation to “The Restoration of All Things.” In that book, my base draft had all the workings of Erasmian Greek. At that time, I really had no awareness of the aforementioned history.
One evening, I had decided to take a hot bath to relax. Often the stress in my back can build up, and a bath is always cheaper than going to the masseuse. What I love with baths is I become disconnected from the world and I look at it as a kind of “stepping into the office of my King.” I use the peaceful time to pray and ask Jesus about life, the world, theology, what His thoughts are on this or that thing and I do my best to listen and discern. I can honestly say that this evening differed greatly from others.
During that time, I became aware of some displeasure He had with the current state of Western Biblical Greek teaching. What impressed so deeply on my heart in terms of words was “Greek has been kept at bay by generations who safeguard the preservation of a walled garden of an unrestricted, accountability-free comfort zone among Erasmian Greek proponents. A walled-garden hindering my people. It is rather an attempt of a theory to maintain itself in defiance of the actual pronunciation daily used by a great people.” In specific, the heart and word I kept hearing was “walled garden.” Seminaries are creating a walled garden around Greek. I found myself surprised and was thinking, “Huh? Is that even a thing? What do you mean current Biblical Greek isn’t Greek and a walled garden???”
It was an honest displeasure I was experiencing from the Lord’s heart on this matter. So, I have taken this seriously. From there, some days later I came across a video on my YouTube feed from Stephen Hackett at “Biblical Studies and Reviews” called The Case for Modern Pronunciation for Biblical Greek (Neohellenic vs Erasmian vs Reconstructed) which led me to the most recent scholarly work of Dr. Philemon Zachariou called Reading and Pronouncing Biblical Greek: Historical Pronunciation versus Erasmian.
I bought the book from Zachariou and, wow, I was blown away at what he was revealing. In addition, when I came to his conclusions in section 4.8, I found that what I was hearing from the Lord was virtually “identical” to what Dr. Zachariou wrote. I was left speechless. After I had finished the book, I overhauled all the Greek transliterations of my own book, and I wrote to Dr. Zachariou to share my experience and he was amazed.[1] What followed in the time after February 2024 was continued research and study, coming across the work of Dr. Benjamin Kantor and his book The Pronunciation of New Testament Greek: Judeo Palestinian Greek Phonology and Orthography from Alexander to Islam, along with many others, and finally, the last book I found from A. N. Jannaris from 1897 revealing all that these scholars have been revealing over 100 years previous.
In terms of the heart of His Majesty on this matter, I don’t share this story to say “The Lord saith …” but I share it as a testimony of something He revealed as a matter of His own heart for all of Christianity and … the honor of the Greek speaking people around the world. It really dishonors His selection of Grecian language as the foundation of the second half of the scriptural canon. Therefore, whatever your background, I would only suggest a humbleness to pray and ask the Lord if what I share is truly from Him or not. As there is much work to be done in bringing us out of this Erasmian System of Greek. Think of all the Strong’s resources that need to be updated …
The Importance for Christians
From all the research I can gather, what I have found is there is in fact a huge shift taking place and more scholars and theologians are driving a push away from Erasmian Greek for Biblical scholarship and Ancient Greek studies, to a return to “Greek” or Neo-Hellenic Koine as it is modernly called. However, as I mentioned, there is still some major gatekeeping which is hindering the switch. Sadly, many have no desire to make the switch because in reality, their built up status in society could then be greatly hindered. This isn’t in their best interest so to say.
So why is this important? Why move away from Erasmian Greek? Well, in the words of Philemon Zachariou, it is because,
“Modern Greek is a direct descendant of Hellenistic Greek, that is, the ‘koine’ of New Testament times. Thus it preserves a plethora of linguistic elements that can be traced back to the New Testament text. Many New Testament insights therefore can be gained by tapping into Modern Greek.”[2]
Thankfully, it appears that Biblical Greek educators like Bible Mesh and Darryl Burling from New Zealand and his Biblical Mastery Academy (to which Stephen Hackett is also an instructor of Greek) have switched to Neo-Hellenic as their principal teaching method.
Further to this, Dr. Zachariou also notes in his video Greek Pronunciation 11 (1,000 Words):
“The Greek New Testament has about 4,900 words, not counting inflected forms. 1,000 of these words are used in everyday Greece. They have the same alphabet, spelling rules, and core meaning as Biblical and Attic (Classical/Ancient) Greek. These 1,000 NT Greek words are only 20% of the 4,900. Additionally, of the 4,900 words, about 4,500 (92%) are used or understood well by the average educated Greek today.”
Therefore, for anybody wanting to come closer to the Greek of the Bible, it is most relevant and beneficial to study and pronounce Greek as per the natives. The way it’s always been pronounced. Especially when it comes to greater understanding and exegesis of the text, so many new and wonderful revelations can be gathered which Erasmian pronunciation blinds us to.
Now, I know many Erasmians who hold to this form will vehemently disagree. That is fine, but I think I can safely say you are missing out on what is really a “living language” full of who knows what discoveries even you could be release to Christians around the world by making a switch.
What This Means for Tentmaker.org
The current core issues which I believe hinders this full switch are (a) the gatekeeping, and (b) there is no formalized academic standard in place for scholars and theologians to use.
My hope is that we can start the process of changing this. The key, though, is it must be full support of the Greek academic world, together with European and North American academia.
Currently, there are several Greek Romanization standards for Modern Greek, but nothing set for academic research and writing. Upon much review, study, analysis, and frankly prayer, I have devised a tool which I think works well and drives transliteration work as found on Tentmaker.org. It can be found here https://koinetranslit.app and is a mix of IPA and BGN/PCGN standards. Thankfully, I have also had some input from Darryl Burling on this model, and let’s just say he liked it and certainly agreed that “we need a new academic standard.”
Given the nature of Tentmaker and some of the major discussions surrounding the Greek words αἰών and αἰώνιος, as we updated this website we chose to be on the forefront of updating as much as possible, the Greek transliterations within the various writings and books of this website. The top being the change away from Erasmian aion/aionios to Neo-Hellenic eón/eónios. Specifically, for J. W. Hanson’s book, we have the Erasmian and an updated Neo-Hellenic version, which I believe really changes the perception of these words. Given that we get our modern “eon” from αἰών, because it is pronounced eón. Go figure!
Therefore, for each article or book where an update exists on the transliterations, we will have an “Editor’s note 2026” present just informing you and leading you to this article. My transliteration tool will currently form the basis of such transliterations, however at some point in time when a system is accepted into academia which the Greek nation accepts, we would look to update accordingly.
We pray you will be greatly blessed and that if you already haven’t, that you begin the journey to learning Greek as it should be learned.
Resources Referenced
- An Historic Greek Grammar Chiefly of the Attic Dialect, by A. N. Jannaris (1897)
- The Error of Erasmus and Un-Greek Pronunciations of Greek, by Chrys C. Caragounis (1995)
- Other writings from Dr. Caragounis can be found at: https://www.chrys-caragounis.com/research
- The Case for Modern Pronunciation for Biblical Greek (Neohellenic vs Erasmian vs Reconstructed video by Stephen Hackett
- Reading and Pronouncing Biblical Greek: Historical Pronunciation versus Erasmian, by Philemon Zachariou
- Philemon Zachariou’s website and Greek learning resources: https://greeklinguistics.net
- A Short Guide to the Pronunciation of New Testament Greek (Eerdmans Language Resources (ELR)) by Benjamin Kantor (the abbreviated edition).
- The Pronunciation of New Testament Greek: Judeo-Palestinian Greek Phonology and Orthography from Alexander to Islam, by Benjamin Kantor (The Full 900+page edition)
- Benjamin Kantor’s websites and resources: https://koinegreek.com/ and https://biblicalhebrew.com where he also is very strong advocate of learning Biblical Hebrew from a “living language” perspective.
Zachariou’s 1,000 Greek Words List
Nouns (500)
ΑΒΥΣΣΟΣ, ΑΓΑΝΑΚΤΗΣΙΣ, ΑΓΑΠΗ, ΑΓΓΕΛΟΣ, ΑΓΕΛΗ, ΑΓΡΟΣ, ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ, ΑΗΡ, ΑΙΓΙΑΛΟΣ, ΑΙΜΑ, ΑΙΡΕΣΙΣ, ΑΙΧΜΑΛΩΤΟΣ, ΑΛΗΘΕΙΑ, ΑΜΑΡΤΙΑ, ΑΜΕΤΑΜΕΛΗΤΟΣ, ΑΝΑΙΔΕΙΑ, ΑΝΗΡ, ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ, ΑΠΟΛΥΤΡΩΣΙΣ, ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΣ, ΑΡΕΤΗ, ΑΡΝΙΟΝ, ΑΡΤΟΣ, ΑΡΧΗΓΟΣ, ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΑ, ΑΣΠΑΣΜΟΣ, ΑΣΤΗΡ, ΑΣΦΑΛΕΙΑ, ΑΥΤΑΡΚΕΙΑ, ΑΦΘΑΡΣΙΑ, ΑΦΟΡΜΗ, ΒΑΘΟΣ, ΒΑΠΤΙΣΜΑ, ΒΑΡΟΣ, ΒΑΣΑΝΙΣΜΟΣ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑ, ΒΙΟΣ, ΒΛΑΣΦΗΜΙΑ, ΒΛΕΜΜΑ, ΒΡΕΦΟΣ, ΒΡΩΣΙΣ, ΒΩΜΟΣ, ΓΑΛΑ, ΓΑΛΗΝΗ, ΓΑΜΟΣ, ΓΕΓΟΝΟΣ, ΓΕΙΤΩΝ, ΓΕΝΕΑΛΟΓΙΑ, ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ, ΓΕΝΟΣ, ΓΕΡΟΥΣΙΑ, ΓΕΡΩΝ, ΓΕΩΡΓΟΣ, ΓΗ, ΓΛΩΣΣΑ, ΓΝΩΣΙΣ, ΓΥΜΝΟΣ, ΓΩΝΙΑ, ΔΑΙΜΟΝΙΟΝ, ΔΑΚΡΥ, ΔΑΝΕΙΟΝ, ΔΑΠΑΝΗ, ΔΕΗΣΙΣ, ΔΕΙΓΜΑ, ΔΕΙΠΝΟΝ, ΔΕΝΔΡΟΝ, ΔΕΡΜΑ, ΔΕΣΜΟΣ, ΔΕΣΠΟΤΗΣ, ΔΗΜΟΣ, ΔΙΑΒΟΛΟΣ, ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ, ΔΙΑΚΟΝΟΣ, ΔΙΑΛΕΚΤΟΣ, ΔΙΑΛΟΓΙΣΜΟΣ, ΔΙΑΝΟΙΑ, ΔΙΑΣΠΟΡΑ, ΔΙΑΦΘΟΡΑ, ΔΙΔΑΣΚΑΛΟΣ, ΔΙΕΞΟΔΟΣ, ΔΙΚΑΙΩΣΥΝΗ, ΔΙΚΗ, ΔΙΚΤΥΟΝ, ΔΙΟΡΘΩΜΑ, ΔΙΩΓΜΟΣ, ΔΟΚΟΣ, ΔΟΛΟΣ, ΔΟΞΑ, ΔΟΥΛΕΙΑ, ΔΡΑΧΜΗ, ΔΡΟΜΟΣ, ΔΥΝΑΜΙΣ, ΔΥΝΑΣΤΗΣ, ΔΩΡΟΝ, ΕΓΚΛΗΜΑ, ΕΓΚΡΑΤΕΙΑ, ΕΔΑΦΟΣ, ΕΔΡΑ, ΕΘΝΟΣ, ΕΘΟΣ, ΕΙΔΟΣ, ΕΙΔΩΛΟΝ, ΕΙΚΩΝ, ΕΙΡΗΝΗ, ΕΙΣΟΔΟΣ, ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ, ΕΚΛΟΓΗ, ΕΛΑΙΑ, ΕΛΑΙΟΝ, ΕΛΕΓΧΟΣ, ΕΛΕΗΜΟΣΥΝΗ, ΕΛΕΟΣ, ΕΛΠΙΣ, ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ, ΕΜΠΟΡΟΣ, ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑ, ΕΝΝΟΙΑ, ΕΝΤΟΛΗ, ΕΝΥΠΝΙΟΝ, ΕΞΙΣ, ΕΞΟΣΟΣ, ΕΞΟΥΣΙΑ, ΕΠΑΓΓΕΛΙΑ, ΕΠΑΙΝΟΣ, ΕΠΑΥΡΙΟΝ, ΕΠΙΓΡΑΦΗ, ΕΠΙΕΙΚΕΙΑ, ΕΠΙΘΥΜΙΑ, ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΑ, ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ, ΕΠΙΣΤΡΟΦΗ, ΕΡΓΑΤΗΣ, ΕΡΓΟΝ, ΕΡΙΣ, ΕΣΠΕΡΑ, ΕΥΑΓΓΕΛΙΣΤΗΣ, ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΗΣ, ΕΥΠΡΕΠΕΙΑ, ΕΥΣΕΒΕΙΑ, ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΙΑ, ΕΧΘΡΟΣ, ΖΕΥΓΟΣ, ΖΗΛΟΣ, ΖΗΤΗΜΑ, ΖΥΓΟΣ, ΖΥΜΗ, ΖΩΗ, ΖΩΝΗ, ΖΩΟΝ, ΗΓΕΜΩΝ, ΗΔΟΝΗ, ΗΛΙΚΙΑ, ΗΛΙΟΣ, ΗΜΕΡΑ, ΗΣΥΧΙΑ, ΗΤΤΑ, ΗΧΟΣ, ΘΑΛΑΣΣΑ, ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ, ΘΑΥΜΑ, ΘΕΛΗΜΑ, ΘΕΜΕΛΙΟΝ, ΘΕΟΣΕΒΕΙΑ, ΘΕΟΣ, ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ, ΘΕΡΙΣΜΟΣ, ΘΕΡΟΣ, ΘΗΚΗ, ΘΗΡΙΟΝ, ΘΗΣΑΥΡΟΣ, ΘΟΡΥΒΟΣ, ΘΡΟΝΟΣ, ΘΥΕΛΛΑ, ΘΥΜΙΑΜΑ, ΘΥΜΟΣ, ΘΥΡΑ, ΘΥΡΩΡΟΣ, ΘΥΣΙΑ, ΘΩΡΑΞ, ΙΑΤΡΟΣ, ΙΔΕΑ, ΙΔΙΩΤΗΣ, ΙΔΡΩΣ, ΙΕΡΑΤΕΙΑ, ΙΕΡΕΥΣ, ΙΕΡΟΝ, ΙΜΑΤΙΟΝ, ΙΟΣ, ΙΠΠΟΣ, ΙΣΟΤΗΣ, ΙΣΧΥΣ, ΙΧΘΥΣ, ΙΧΝΟΣ, ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΗΣ, ΚΑΚΙΑ, ΚΑΛΑΜΟΣ, ΚΑΛΥΜΜΑ, ΚΑΠΝΟΣ, ΚΑΡΔΙΑ, ΚΑΡΠΟΣ, ΚΑΤΑΚΛΥΣΜΟΣ, ΚΑΤΑΡΑ, ΚΑΤΑΣΚΥΝΩΣΙΣ, ΚΑΤΑΣΤΡΟΦΗ, ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΟΣ, ΚΑΤΟΡΘΩΜΑ, ΚΕΡΑΣ, ΚΕΡΔΟΣ, ΚΕΦΑΛΗ, ΚΗΠΟΥΡΟΣ, ΚΗΡΥΞ, ΚΙΝΔΥΝΟΣ, ΚΛΗΡΟΝΟΜΙΑ, ΚΛΙΝΗ, ΚΟΙΛΙΑ, ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ, ΚΟΛΑΣΙΣ, ΚΟΛΠΟΣ, ΚΟΠΟΣ, ΚΟΡΑΞ, ΚΟΣΜΟΣ, ΚΡΑΝΙΟΝ, ΚΡΑΥΓΗ, ΚΤΗΝΟΣ, ΚΥΚΛΟΣ, ΚΥΡΙΟΣ, ΚΥΩΝ, ΛΑΜΠΑΣ, ΛΑΜΠΡΟΤΗΣ, ΛΑΟΣ, ΛΑΤΡΕΙΑ, ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ, ΛΗΣΤΗΣ, ΛΙΘΟΣ, ΛΙΘΟΣΤΡΩΤΟΣ, ΛΙΜΗΝ, ΛΟΓΟΣ, ΛΟΓΧΗ, ΛΟΙΜΟΣ, ΛΟΥΤΡΟΝ, ΛΥΤΡΟΝ, ΛΥΧΝΟΣ, ΜΑΘΗΤΗΣ, ΜΑΚΑΡΙΣΜΟΣ, ΜΑΡΜΑΡΟΣ, ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΟΝ, ΜΑΡΤΥΣ, ΜΑΧΑΙΡΑ, ΜΕΓΑΛΕΙΟΤΗΣ, ΜΕΛΙ, ΜΕΛΟΣ, ΜΕΡΙΜΝΑ, ΜΕΣΙΤΗΣ, ΜΕΤΑΜΕΛΕΙΑ, ΜΕΤΑΝΟΙΑ, ΜΕΤΩΠΟΝ, ΜΗΚΟΣ, ΜΗΤΗΡ, ΜΙΣΘΟΣ, ΜΝΗΜΗ, ΜΝΗΜΟΣΥΝΟΝ, ΜΟΥΣΙΚΟΣ, ΜΥΣΤΗΡΙΟΝ, ΝΑΟΣ, ΝΕΑΝΙΑΣ, ΝΕΚΡΩΣΙΣ, ΝΕΟΤΗΣ, ΝΗΣΟΣ, ΝΗΣΤΕΙΑ, ΝΟΜΟΘΕΤΗΣ, ΝΟΣΟΣ, ΝΟΤΟΣ, ΝΟΥΘΕΣΙΑ, ΝΟΥΣ, ΝΥΜΦΗ, ΝΥΞ, ΞΕΝΟΔΟΧΟΣ, ΞΥΛΟΝ, ΟΔΟΙΠΟΡΙΑ, ΟΔΟΣ, ΟΙΚΙΑ, ΟΙΚΟΣ, ΟΙΚΟΔΟΜΟΣ, ΟΙΝΟΣ, ΟΜΟΙΩΜΑ, ΟΝΟΜΑ, ΟΝΟΣ, ΟΠΤΑΣΙΑ, ΟΡΓΗ, ΟΡΙΟΝ, ΟΡΟΣ, ΟΣΜΗ, ΟΣΦΥΣ, ΟΥΡΑΝΟΣ, ΟΦΕΛΟΣ, ΟΦΘΑΛΜΟΣ, ΟΦΙΣ, ΟΧΛΟΣ, ΟΨΙΣ, ΠΑΘΟΣ, ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑ, ΠΑΛΗ, ΠΑΛΙΓΓΕΝΕΣΙΑ, ΠΑΝΟΠΛΙΑ, ΠΑΡΑΒΟΛΗ, ΠΑΡΑΚΛΗΣΙΣ, ΠΑΡΑΠΤΩΜΑ, ΠΑΡΘΕΝΟΣ, ΠΑΡΟΙΜΙΑ, ΠΑΡΡΗΣΙΑ, ΠΑΤΗΡ, ΠΑΤΡΙΣ, ΠΕΙΡΑΣΜΟΣ, ΠΕΠΟΙΘΗΣΙΣ, ΠΗΛΟΣ, ΠΙΚΡΙΑ, ΠΙΣΤΙΣ, ΠΛΑΤΟΣ, ΠΛΗΘΟΣ, ΠΛΗΜΜΥΡΑ, ΠΛΗΡΩΜΑ, ΠΛΟΥΤΟΣ, ΠΝΕΥΜΑ, ΠΟΙΜΗΝ, ΠΟΙΜΝΙΟΝ, ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣ, ΠΟΛΙΣ, ΠΟΛΙΤΗΣ, ΠΟΛΥΣ, ΠΟΝΟΣ, ΠΟΡΝΗ, ΠΡΑΞΙΣ, ΠΡΟΓΟΝΟΣ, ΠΡΟΣΗΛΥΤΟΣ, ΠΡΟΣΦΟΡΑ, ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟΛΗΠΤΗΣ, ΠΡΟΣΩΠΟΝ, ΠΡΟΦΗΤΗΣ, ΠΡΩΡΑ, ΠΥΓΜΗ, ΠΥΡ, ΠΥΡΕΤΟΣ, ΡΑΒΔΟΣ, ΡΑΠΙΣΜΑ, ΡΗΜΑ, ΡΗΤΩΡ, ΡΙΖΑ, ΡΙΠΗ, ΣΑΛΠΙΓΞ, ΣΑΡΚΙΚΟΣ, ΣΑΡΞ, ΣΕΒΑΣΜΑ, ΣΗΜΕΙΟΝ, ΣΗΜΕΡΟΝ, ΣΙΤΟΣ, ΣΚΑΝΔΑΛΟΝ, ΣΚΗΝΟΠΟΙΟΣ, ΣΚΟΤΟΣ, ΣΟΦΙΑ, ΣΠΕΡΜΑ, ΣΠΟΓΓΟΣ, ΣΤΕΜΜΑ, ΣΤΕΡΕΩΜΑ, ΣΤΕΦΑΝΟΣ, ΣΤΟΛΟΣ, ΣΤΟΜΑ, ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ, ΣΤΡΑΤΟΠΕΔΟΝ, ΣΥΓΚΑΤΑΘΕΣΙΣ, ΣΥΓΧΥΣΙΣ, ΣΥΚΕΑ, ΣΥΚΟΝ, ΣΥΝΑΓΩΓΗ, ΣΥΝΝΕΦΟΝ, ΣΦΡΑΓΙΣ, ΣΧΗΜΑ, ΣΩΜΑ, ΣΩΤΗΡ, ΣΩΤΗΡΙΑ, ΤΑΛΑΙΠΩΡΙΑ, ΤΑΦΟΣ, ΤΕΚΜΗΡΙΟΝ, ΤΕΚΝΟΓΟΝΙΑ, ΤΕΚΝΟΝ, ΤΕΚΤΩΝ, ΤΕΛΟΣ, ΤΕΛΩΝΗΣ, ΤΙΜΩΡΙΑ, ΤΟΙΧΟΣ, ΤΡΑΓΟΣ, ΤΡΑΠΕΖΑ, ΤΡΟΦΗ, ΥΔΩΡ, ΥΙΟΣ, ΥΙΟΘΕΣΙΑ, ΥΜΝΟΣ, ΥΠΑΚΟΗ, ΥΠΕΡΒΟΛΗ, ΥΠΕΡΗΦΑΝΙΑ, ΥΠΝΟΣ, ΥΠΟΔΗΜΑ, ΥΠΟΜΟΝΗ, ΥΨΟΣ, ΦΑΡΜΑΚΟΝ, ΦΕΓΓΟΣ, ΦΙΑΛΗ, ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΙΑ, ΦΙΛΙΑ, ΦΙΛΟΣ, ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑ, ΦΘΟΝΟΣ, ΦΛΟΞ, ΦΟΒΟΣ, ΦΟΝΟΣ, ΦΡΗΝ, ΦΡΟΝΗΜΑ, ΦΡΟΥΡΟΣ, ΦΥΓΗ, ΦΥΛΑΚΗ, ΦΥΛΑΞ, ΦΥΛΗ, ΦΥΣΙΣ, ΦΩΝΗ, ΦΩΣ, ΧΑΡΑ, ΧΑΡΙΣ, ΧΑΡΙΣΜΑ, ΧΑΣΜΑ, ΧΕΙΛΟΣ, ΧΕΙΜΩΝ, ΧΙΛΙΑΡΧΟΣ, ΧΙΤΩΝ, ΧΟΛΗ, ΧΟΡΟΣ, ΧΡΕΙΑ, ΧΡΟΝΟΣ, ΧΡΥΣΙΟΝ, ΧΩΜΑ, ΧΩΡΑ, ΧΩΡΟΣ, ΨΕΥΔΟΣ, ΨΗΦΟΣ, ΨΥΧΗ, ΩΔΗ, ΩΜΟΣ, ΩΡΑ, ΩΦΕΛΕΙΑ
Verbs (249)
ΑΓΑΠΩ, ΑΓΓΕΛΛΩ, ΑΓΟΡΑΖΩ, ΑΓΡΥΠΝΩ, ΑΓΩΝΙΖΟΜΑΙ, ΑΔΙΚΩ, ΑΙΣΘΑΝΟΜΑΙ, ΑΙΤΩ, ΑΚΟΥΩ, ΑΛΛΑΖΩ, ΑΛΕΙΦΩ, ΑΛΛΑΣΣΩ, ΑΜΑΡΤΑΝΩ, ΑΜΕΛΩ, ΑΜΥΝΟΜΑΙ, ΑΝΑΒΑΙΝΩ, ΑΝΑΓΕΝΝΩ, ΑΝΟΙΓΩ, ΑΝΤΛΩ, ΑΠΕΙΛΩ, ΑΠΟΔΕΧΟΜΑΙ, ΑΠΟΘΝΗΣΚΩ, ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΠΤΩ, ΑΠΟΚΡΙΝΟΜΑΙ, ΑΠΟΡΩ, ΑΠΟΣΤΕΛΛΩ, ΑΠΟΦΕΥΓΩ, ΑΡΚΩ, ΑΡΝΟΥΜΑΙ, ΑΡΠΑΖΩ, ΑΡΧΩ, ΒΑΘΥΝΩ, ΒΑΠΤΙΖΩ, ΒΑΣΑΝΙΖΩ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΩ, ΒΑΣΤΑΖΩ, ΒΕΒΑΙΩ, ΒΙΑΖΩ, ΒΛΑΣΦΗΜΩ, ΒΛΕΠΩ, ΒΟΗΘΩ, ΒΟΣΚΩ, ΒΡΑΔΥΝΩ, ΒΡΕΧΩ, ΒΥΘΙΖΩ, ΓΕΛΩ, ΓΕΜΙΖΩ, ΓΕΝΝΩ, ΓΕΥΟΜΑΙ, ΓΙ(Γ)ΝΟΜΑΙ, ΓΝΩΡΙΖΩ, ΓΡΑΦΩ, ΓΥΜΝΑΖΩ, ΔΑΝΕΙΖΩ, ΔΑΠΑΝΩ, ΔΕΙΠΝΩ, ΔΕΛΕΑΖΩ, ΔΕΟΜΑΙ, ΔΕΣΜΕΥΩ, ΔΕΧΟΜΑΙ, ΔΙΑΓΓΕΛΛΩ, ΔΙΑΙΡΕΩ, ΔΙΑΚΟΝΩ, ΔΙΑΚΡΙΝΩ, ΔΙΑΛΟΓΙΖΟΜΑΙ, ΔΙΑΛΥΩ, ΔΙΑΜΑΡΤΥΡΟΜΑΙ, ΔΙΑΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΕΥΟΜΑΙ, ΔΙΑΣΚΟΡΠΙΖΩ, ΔΙΑΣΩΖΩ, ΔΙΑΦΕΡΩ, ΔΙΔΑΣΚΩ, ΔΙΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΔΙΗΓΟΥΜΑΙ, ΔΙΚΑΖΩ, ΔΙΟΡΘΩ, ΔΙΨΩ, ΔΙΩΚΩ, ΔΟΞΑΖΩ, ΔΥΝΑΜΑΙ, ΕΓΕΙΡΩ, ΕΓΚΑΤΑΛΕΙΠΩ, ΕΙΣΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΕΚΒΑΛΛΩ, ΕΚΛΕΓΩ, ΕΚΠΛΗΤΤΩ, ΕΛΕΩ, ΕΛΠΙΖΩ, ΕΜΠΑΙΖΩ, ΕΞΑΛΕΙΦΩ, ΕΞΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΕΠΑΓΓΕΛΛΩ, ΕΠΑΙΝΩ, ΕΠΑΝΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΕΠΙΓΡΑΦΩ, ΕΠΙΘΥΜΩ, ΕΠΙΜΕΝΩ, ΕΠΙΣΚΕΠΤΟΜΑΙ, ΕΠΙΤΡΕΠΩ, ΕΡΓΑΖΟΜΑΙ, ΕΡΕΥΝΩ, ΕΡΜΗΝΕΥΩ, ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΕΡΩΤΩ, ΕΤΟΙΜΑΖΩ, ΕΥΑΓΓΕΛΙΖΩ, ΕΥΡΙΣΚΩ, ΕΥΦΡΑΙΝΩ, ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΩ, ΕΥΧΟΜΑΙ, ΕΧΩ, ΗΣΥΧΑΖΩ, ΖΩ, ΘΑΠΤΩ, ΘΑΥΜΑΖΩ, ΘΕΩΡΩ, ΘΛΙΒΩ, ΘΡΑΒΩ, ΘΡΗΝΩ, ΚΑΘΑΡΙΖΩ, ΚΑΘΙΖΩ, ΚΑΙΩ, ΚΑΛΩ, ΚΑΤΑΒΑΙΝΩ, ΚΑΤΑΡΓΩ, ΚΑΤΟΙΚΩ, ΚΕΙΜΑΙ, ΚΗΡΥΤΤΩ, ΚΙΝΔΥΝΕΥΩ, ΚΛΑΙΩ, ΚΛΕΠΤΩ, ΚΟΙΜΩΜΑΙ, ΚΟΛΛΩ, ΚΟΠΙΩ, ΚΡΑΖΩ, ΚΡΟΥΩ, ΚΩΛΥΩ, ΛΑΛΩ, ΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ, ΛΑΜΠΩ, ΛΕΓΩ, ΛΕΙΠΩ, ΛΟΓΙΖΟΜΑΙ, ΛΟΙΔΟΡΩ, ΛΥΩ, ΜΑΙΝΟΜΑΙ, ΜΑΚΑΡΙΖΩ, ΜΑΡΤΥΡΩ, ΜΑΧΟΜΑΙ, ΜΕΘΥΩ, ΜΕΛΕΤΩ, ΜΕΛΛΩ, ΜΕΝΩ, ΜΕΡΙΜΝΩ, ΜΕΤΑΜΕΛΟΜΑΙ, ΜΕΤΑΝΟΩ, ΜΙΜΟΥΜΑΙ, ΜΝΗΣΤΕΥΩ, ΜΟΛΥΝΩ, ΝΑΥΑΓΩ, ΝΕΥΩ, ΝΗΣΤΕΥΩ, ΝΙΚΩ, ΝΟΜΙΖΩ, ΝΟΥΘΕΤΩ, ΟΔΟΙΠΟΡΩ, ΟΙΚΩ, ΟΜΙΛΩ, ΟΦΕΙΛΩ, ΠΑΙΔΕΥΩ, ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛΩ, ΠΑΡΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΩ, ΠΑΡΑΣΚΕΥΑΖΩ, ΠΑΣΧΩ, ΠΑΥΩ, ΠΕΙΘΑΡΧΩ, ΠΕΙΘΩ, ΠΕΙΝΩ, ΠΕΙΡΑΖΩ, ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΩ, ΠΕΡΙΠΑΤΩ, ΠΙΚΡΑΙΝΩ, ΠΙΝΩ, ΠΙΣΤΕΥΩ, ΠΛΑΝΩ, ΠΛΑΣΣΩ, ΠΛΕΩ, ΠΛΥΝΩ, ΠΝΕΩ, ΠΝΙΓΩ, ΠΟΙΜΑΙΝΩ, ΠΟΙΩ, ΠΟΛΕΜΩ, ΠΟΡΕΥΟΜΑΙ, ΠΡΑΤΤΩ, ΠΡΟΒΑΙΝΩ, ΠΡΟΣΔΕΧΟΜΑΙ, ΠΡΟΣΔΟΚΩ, ΠΡΟΣΕΥΧΟΜΑΙ, ΠΡΟΣΚΑΛΩ, ΠΡΟΣΚΟΠΤΩ, ΠΡΟΣΦΕΡΩ, ΠΡΟ-ΦΗΤΕΥΩ, ΡΑΠΙΖΩ, ΡΕΩ, ΣΑΛΠΙΖΩ, ΣΕΒΟΜΑΙ, ΣΕΙΩ, ΣΗΜΑΙΝΩ, ΣΙΩΠΩ, ΣΚΑΠΤΩ, ΣΠΕΙΡΩ, ΣΠΕΥΔΩ, ΣΡΕΛΛΩ, ΣΤΕΝΑΖΩ, ΣΤΗΡΙΖΩ, ΣΤΡΕΦΩ, ΣΥΓΚΡΙΝΩ, ΣΥΛΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ, ΣΥΛΛΕΓΩ, ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΕΥΩ, ΣΥΝΤΡΙΒΩ, ΣΩΖΩ, ΤΑΡΑΣΣΩ, ΤΕΛΩ, ΤΗΡΩ, ΤΟΛΜΩ, ΤΡΕΜΩ, ΤΡΕΦΩ, ΤΡΕΧΩ, ΥΠΑΚΟΥΩ, ΥΠΑΡΧΩ, ΥΠΟΚΡΙΝΟΜΑΙ, ΦΕΡΩ, ΦΕΥΓΩ, ΦΘΑΝΩ, ΦΟΒΟΥΜΑΙ, ΦΥΛΑΤΤΩ, ΦΥΤΕΥΩ, ΧΑΙΡΩ, ΧΛΕΥΑΖΩ, ΧΡΙΩ, ΧΩΡΙΖΩ, ΨΑΛΛΩ, ΨΕΥΔΩ, ΨΗΦΙΖΩ, ΩΡΥΟΜΑΙ, ΩΦΕΛΩ, ΩΦΕΛΟΥΜΑΙ
Adverbs (mixed) (103)
ΑΔΙΑΛΕΙΠΤΩΣ, ΑΔΙΚΩΣ, ΑΚΡΙΒΩΣ, ΑΛΗΘΩΣ, ΑΛΛΩΣ, ΑΜΑ, ΑΝΩ, ΑΠΑΞ (ΔΙΣ, ΤΡΙΣ, ΤΕΤΡΑΚΙΣ… ΕΒΔΟΜΗΚΟΝΤΑΚΙΣ… ΕΚΑΤΟΝΤΑΚΙΣ…), ΑΠΛΩΣ, ΑΡΑ, ΑΡΑΓΕ, ΑΣΦΑΛΩΣ, ΑΥΡΙΟΝ, ΑΦΟΒΩΣ, ΔΙΚΑΙΩΣ, ΔΩΡΕΑΝ, ΕΓΓΥΣ, ΕΚΑΣΤΟΤΕ, ΕΚΕΙ, ΕΚΤΟΣ, ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΤΙ, ΕΜΠΡΟΣΘΕΝ, ΕΝΑΝΤΙ, ΕΝΑΝΤΙΟΝ, ΕΝΕΚΑ, ΕΝΘΑΔΕ, ΕΝΤΑΥΘΑ, ΕΝΤΟΣ, ΕΝΩΠΙΟΝ, ΕΞΗΣ, ΕΞΩ, ΕΠΑΝΩ, ΕΠΕΙΤΑ, ΕΣΩ, ΕΥΓΕ, ΕΥΘΕΩΣ, ΕΦΑΠΑΞ, ΗΔΗ, ΙΣΩΣ, ΚΑΘΕΞΗΣ, ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΚΑΚΩΣ, ΚΑΛΩΣ, ΛΙΑΝ, ΜΑΛΙΣΤΑ, ΜΑΛΛΟΝ, ΜΕΝ, ΜΕΤΑ, ΜΕΤΑΞΥ, ΜΕΤΕΠΕΙΤΑ, ΜΕΧΡΙ, ΜΗ, ΜΗΠΟΤΕ, ΜΟΛΙΣ, ΜΟΝΟΝ, ΝΑΙ, ΝΟΜΙΜΩΣ, ΟΛΩΣ, ΟΜΟΙΩΣ, ΟΜΩΣ, ΟΝΤΩΣ, ΟΠΙΣΘΕΝ, ΟΠΙΣΩ, ΟΠΟΤΕ, ΟΠΟΥ, ΟΠΩΣ, ΟΥΔΕ, ΟΥΤΩΣ, ΠΑΛΙΝ, ΠΑΝΤΟΤΕ, ΠΑΝΤΩΣ, ΠΕΡΑΙΤΕΡΩ, ΠΕΡΑΝ, ΠΕΡΥΣΙ, ΠΙΚΡΩΣ, ΠΛΕΟΝ, ΠΛΗΝ, ΠΛΗΣΙΟΝ, ΠΟΛΛΑΚΙΣ, ΠΟΤΕ, ΠΟΥ, ΠΡΙΝ, ΠΡΟΘΥΜΩΣ, ΠΡΟΤΕΡΟΝ, ΠΡΩΤΟΝ, ΠΩΣ, ΣΑΦΩΣ, ΣΗΜΕΡΟΝ, ΣΧΕΔΟΝ, ΣΩΜΑΤΙΚΩΣ, ΣΩΦΡΟΝΩΣ, ΤΑΧΑ, ΤΑΧΕΩΣ, ΤΕΛΕΙΩΣ, ΤΟΤΕ, ΤΟΥΝΑΝΤΙΟΝ, ΤΡΙΣ, ΥΣΤΕΡΟΝ, ΧΑΡΙΝ, ΧΘΕΣ, ΧΩΡΙΣ, ΩΣ, ΩΣΤΕ
Cardinal Numbers (23)
ΕΙΣ, ΔΥΟ, ΤΡΕΙΣ, ΤΕΣΣΑΡΕΣ, ΠΕΝΤΕ, ΕΞ, ΕΠΤΑ, ΟΚΤΩ, ΕΝΝΕΑ, ΔΕΚΑ, ΕΝΔΕΚΑ, ΔΩΔΕΚΑ, ΕΙΚΟΣΙ, ΤΡΙΑΚΟΝΤΑ, ΤΕΣΣΑΡΑΚΟΝΤΑ, ΠΕΝΤΗΚΟΝΤΑ, ΕΞΗΚΟΝΤΑ…, ΕΚΑΤΟΝ, ΔΙΑΚΟΣΙΟΙ, ΤΡΙΑΚΟΣΙΟΙ, ΤΕΤΡΑΚΟΣΙΟΙ, ΠΕΝΤΑΚΟΣΙΟΙ, ΧΙΛΙΟΙ…
Ordinal Numbers (fem./neut. endings not indicated) (18)
ΠΡΩΤΟΣ, ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΣ, ΤΡΙΤΟΣ, ΤΕΤΑΡΤΟΣ, ΠΕΜΠΤΟΣ, ΕΧΤΟΣ, ΕΒΔΟΜΟΣ, ΟΓΔΟΟΣ, ΕΝΑΤΟΣ, ΔΕΚΑΤΟΣ, ΕΝΔΕΚΑΤΟΣ, ΔΩΔΕΚΑΤΟΣ, ΕΙΚΟΣΤΟΣ, ΤΡΙΑΚΟΣΤΟΣ, ΤΕΣΣΑΡΑΚΟΣΤΟΣ, ΠΕΝΤΗΚΟΣΤΟΣ…, ΕΚΑΤΟΣΤΟΣ, ΧΙΛΙΟΣΤΟΣ…
Conjunctions (40)
ΑΛΛΑ, ΑΝ, ΑΡΑ, ΑΦΟΤΟΥ*, ΑΦΟΥ, ΔΕ, ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΑΝ, ΕΙΤΕ, ΕΝΕΚΑ, ΕΝΟΣΩ, ΕΝΩ, ΕΠΕΙΔΗ, ΕΣΤΩ, ΕΩΣ, Η, ΚΑΘΟΣΟΝ, ΚΑΘΟΤΙ, ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΚΑΙ, ΚΑΝ, ΜΕΝ, ΜΕΧΡΙ, ΜΗΔΕ, ΜΗΠΩΣ, ΜΗΤΕ, ΜΟΛΙΣ, ΟΜΩΣ, ΟΠΟΤΕ, ΟΠΟΥ, ΟΠΩΣ, ΟΤΑΝ, ΟΤΙ, ΟΥΔΕ, ΟΥΤΕ, ΟΥΤΩΣ, ΠΛΗΝ, ΠΡΙΝ, ΩΣ, ΩΣΤΕ
Pronouns (fem./neut. endings not indicated) (21)
ΑΛΛΗΛΟΥΣ (pl.), ΑΛΛΟΣ, ΑΜΦΟΤΕΡΟΙ (pl.), ΑΥΤΟΣ, ΕΑΥΤΟΥ, ΕΓΩ, ΕΚΑΣΤΟΣ, ΕΚΕΙΝΟΣ, ΜΗΔΕΙΣ, ΟΠΟΙΟΣ, ΟΣΟΣ, ΟΣΤΙΣ, ΟΥΔΕΙΣ, ΟΥΤΟΣ, ΠΑΣ, ΠΟΙΟΣ, ΠΟΣΟΣ, ΣΥ, ΤΙΣ, ΤΟΙΟΥΤΟΣ, ΤΟΣΟΣ
Prepositions (18)
ΑΝΑ, ΑΜΦΙ, ΑΝΤΙ, ΑΠΟ, ΔΙΑ, ΕΙΣ, ΕΚ/ΕΞ, ΕΝ, ΕΠΙ, ΚΑΤΑ, ΜΕΤΑ, ΠΑΡΑ, ΠΕΡΙ, ΠΡΟ, ΠΡΟΣ, ΣΥΝ, ΥΠΕΡ, ΥΠΟ
Articles (3)
Ο, Η, ΤΟ
Footnotes / Endnotes:
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- Currently I must state that Dr. Zachariou is up there in age and I’m not honestly certain of his current health and well-being condition? I’ve tried to reach him several times over the last year and just no response? I’ve not found anything noting he passed on but if anybody has details, we’d love to hear from you. (↩)
- Philemon Zachariou, “Beyond Aspect: NT Insights through Modern Greek,” Greek Linguistics. April 27, 2020. Accessed: Aug 2026. https://greeklinguistics.net/beyond-aspect-nt-insights-through-modern-greek. (↩)