the "second death"

Started by DavidFord, April 01, 2025, 05:03:15 AM

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DavidFord

Is it possible that the author of Revelation got the concept of a "second death" from a Targum?

Targum Isaiah
_The Chaldee Paraphrase on the Prophet Isaiah [by Jonathan b. Uzziel]_ tr. by C.W.H. Pauli (1871), 226pp.
https://archive.org/details/chaldeeparaphra00uzzigoog/page/n84/mode/2up?q=%22second+death%22
Is 22:14
Page n85
14 The prophet said,
with mine ears I was hearing when
this was decreed from before the Lord of hosts,
_namely_, that this your iniquity shall not be forgiven you
till you die the second death,
said the Lord, the God, _the God_ of hosts.

Page n85
Thus we find in the Jerusalem Targum, Deut. xxxiii. 6,
"Let Reuben live in this world, and not die, ... , the second death,
with which the wicked die in the world to come."
The same phrase we find in the Targum on Isaiah lxv. 6, 15 ;
Jeremiah li. 39, 57; and in Philo. De Proemus and Poenis, p. 921.

Is 65:6
Page n232
6 Behold, it is written before me:
I will not give unto them prolongation in this life;
but I will recompense unto them the wages for their sins,
and deliver their bodies to the second death.

Is 65:15
Page n234
15 And ye shall leave your name for a curse to my chosen :
for the Lord God shall slay you with the second death,
and call His righteous servants by another name :

=======================
_The Targum of Jeremiah_ (The Aramaic Bible, Volume 12) (1987), 206pp.
https://www.amazon.com/Targum-Jeremiah-Aramaic-Robert-Hayward/dp/0814654819/
https://archive.org/details/aramaicbibletarg0012unse/page/186/mode/2up?q=%22second+death%22
Jer 51:39
Page 187
... 39. Bring distress upon them,
and they shall be like drunken men,
so that they shall not be strong,
and they shall die the second death,
and shall not live for the world to come,
says the Lord.

Jer 51:57, on 188-189:
57. And I will make her princes and her wise men drunk,
her governors and her tyrants and her mighty men;
and they shall die the second death
and not live for the world to come."
says the King;
the Lord of Hosts is his Name.

======================
(NABRE)
https://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22second+death%22&version=NABRE
Revelation 2:11
""Whoever has ears ought to hear what the Spirit says to the churches.
The victor shall not be harmed by the second death.'"

Revelation 20:6
Blessed and holy is the one who shares in the first resurrection.
The second death has no power over these;
they will be priests of God and of Christ,
and they will reign with him for [the] thousand years.

Revelation 20:14
Then Death and Hades were thrown into the pool of fire.
(This pool of fire is the second death.)

Revelation 21:8
But as for cowards, the unfaithful, the depraved,
murderers, the unchaste, sorcerers,
idol-worshipers, and deceivers of every sort,
their lot is in the burning pool of fire and sulfur,
which is the second death.?

=============================
Targum Psalms 49:9b-11
_The Targum of Psalms_ (2004), 254pp., on 102
https://www.amazon.com/Targum-Psalms-Aramaic-Bible-David/dp/0814654916/
https://archive.org/details/targumofpsalms0000unse/page/102/mode/2up?q=GEHENNA
https://archive.org/details/targumofpsalms0000unse/page/102/mode/2up?q=%22second+death%22
9. ... and his misery and punishment would cease for ever,
10. and he would yet live for ever
and not see the judgment of Gehenna.
11. For the wise one shall see the wicked being judged^n in Gehenna;
the foolish and the demented shall perish together,
and leave their wealth to the righteous.

footnote n: 
mtdnyn; M [fancy P]^110 dmytyn mytwt' tnyn? wmtdnyn,
"who die the second death,
and are being judged."

========================
Targum Deuteronomy 33:6
https://www.sefaria.org/Targum_Jonathan_on_Deuteronomy.33.6?lang=bi
Let Reuben live in this world,
nor die the second death
which the wicked die in the world to come;
and let his youths be numbered with
the young men of his brethren of Beth Israel.